Theme

Theme is a binding agent. It makes everything in a story stick together.

To state its theme is one way of describing what a story is about. To start finding a story’s theme, see if there is a more or less generic concept that fits, like “reform”, “racism”, “good vs. evil”. The theme of Shakespeare’s Othello is jealousy.

Once this broadest sense of theme is established, you could get a little more specific.

Since a theme is usually (though not always) consciously posited by the author, it has some elements of a unique and personal vision of what is the best way to live. At best, this is expressed through the structure of the story, for instance by having the narrative culminate in a choice the protagonist has to make. The choices represent versions of what might be considered ways to live, or what is “right”.

But beware! This is a potential writer trap. See below.

How story expresses theme

Theme is expressed, essentially, through the audience’s reaction to how the characters grow. A consciously chosen theme seeks to convey a proposition that has the potential to be universally valid. Usually – and this is interesting in its evolutionary ramifications – the theme conveys a sense of the way a group or society can live together successfully. In most stories, the theme expresses the positive effects of the cooperative principle of living in groups. A simple example might be “racism is bad”.

Consider theme as subtext – and sometimes this comes out without the author’s conscious choice – and it becomes an expression of an attitude or set of beliefs. Theme is powerful, in that it expresses values. So it is through theme that the power of storytelling can be exploited. When people are repeatedly subjected to stories that are designed to, for example, show outsiders to a group as a threat (for instance, the aliens in War of the Worlds and Independence Day, or perhaps the pigs in Angry Birds), then eventually people may feel threatened by outsiders. (Sometimes this effect is called point of view, though we use that term differently). Another example: if the majority of stories a person consumes present violence as an acceptable solution to problems, then that person after a while potentially begin to feel that violence is part of his or her value set. Funnily enough, however, even in stories involving much violence, the underlying theme tends to suggest that such behaviour is only acceptable when it can be morally justified. So the subtext still expresses values suggesting how to live in a group.

Theme allows, indeed encourages variations. The various characters and the various subplots of a story may be different ways of looking at the same theme. So if the theme is reform, you may see the main character going through a reform, the institution he works for go through a reform, and his best friend failing to reform. All of these facets of a theme ideally invite the audience or reader to come to the same conclusion.

Theme presents a case, posits an argument

Viewing theme as dialectical argument leads to the idea that the first part of a story posits one argument, to which the second part – which deals with the antagonism to that stance – is the counterargument. It is thesis vs. antithesis. The conclusion in the third part is synthesis. The line of argumentation culminates in a statement, which is the story’s theme. So the course of the story explores aspects and interpretations of the theme and in the end comes to a conclusion.

It may be helpful to articulate theme as a question. To stick with our examples, themes might be expressed like this: “Is it necessary to reform in order to grow and develop?” or “Is it justifiable to treat some people differently because of the color of their skin?”. Other examples might be, “Is the solitude of death worse than the pain of life?” to describe the theme of Gabriel García Márquez’s One Hundred Years of Solitude. Or, “Are rich people necessarily happier than poor people?”, which might apply to F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby.

In general, a theme established itself thus: The event early in the story that creates the external problem leads to the moment of choice at the crisis, and the choice determines the resolution, which expresses the answer to the question. By answering the question, the chaos brought into the ordinary world at the beginning of the story is restored to a new order. Story tames reality. It’s about learning and growth, not only in the characters, but in the audience or reader.

Theme and meaning

It can be helpful for an author to know the theme fairly early on in the creative process of turning an idea into a story. By keeping the overriding theme in mind, the author can determine the development of each character, each subplot, each scene according to the theme. Since the hard part about writing stories is making the millions of decisions along the way, keeping the theme in mind actually makes life easier for the author. Alternative ideas can be tested against the question: does this express anything new about the theme?

But attention! This is another potential writer trap. More later.

For the audience or reader, uncovering theme is part of the pleasure. Since we as humans seek meaning in everything, we want our stories to mean something. And finding the theme can be that satisfying moment of solving a riddle. Sometimes authors plant a clue to what they think the theme is into a line of dialog spoken by one of the minor characters, often in the first section of the narrative.

Nonetheless a story’s theme can be elusive. On the one hand, it is something the author may be intensely aware of during the process of writing, so it is part of the author’s intention. On the other, theme may be superimposed onto the story by its recipients, the audience or readers. Everybody can interpret a story as they wish, and may therefore see themes that the author never even considered.

So do authors start with the theme?

Not necessarily. In fact, it is quite possible to write a story without spending a thought on theme. Probably not that many authors sit down at their desks, fiddle with their pencils before deciding, “I am going to write a story about reform/racism/competitiveness/love/bullying/whatever”.

Mostly, the genesis of a story is an idea for something a little less abstract, such as an event or a character. Something about this idea may strike the author as worthy of deliberation, and only when the idea takes shape and begins to form into a potential story might the author begin to start looking for the theme that the idea is suggesting. Indeed, some authors may finish a satisfying story and only then begin to interpret a theme into what they have produced – much as the recipient does.

We would contend, however, that most authors are very conscious of what they are writing and how they write it. As such, determining the theme not too far into the process of developing a story is simply a useful way of working.

Also, it may be of benefit to keep the notion of theme separate from the concept of premise, which we will define as a specific way of creating story ideas.

And what about those writer traps?

First, the danger of overstating the theme. An author may present a theme too prescriptively for the audience or reader to feel for themselves the truth of the proposition. Being too explicit about “the moral of the story” leads to culminating scenes that scream “author’s message!” – which kills the emotional impact of the story. Ideally, the audience/reader will not recognise the theme while “in” the story, only afterwards when they consider what emotional impact the story had on them, i.e. what they have learnt. As we said above, the readers/viewers want to work it out for themselves.

Second, composing the story according to a theme, making sure every little detail corresponds to the chosen proposition, bears the risk of pre-interpretation. Once the audience or reader has figured out what the theme is, if everything that follows simply substantiates it – there are no surprises anymore. This is, of course, lethal to enjoyment of the story. The audience needs to be surprised, again and again. Which means not fulfilling all the expectations a theme may entail.